Library

Euthyphro

Socrates and Euthyphro ask what it means to be pious.

Apology

Socrates defends his life and philosophy before the Athenian jury.

Crito

Socrates and Crito consider justice and whether to escape from prison.

Laches

Socrates, Laches and Nicias examine courage and the education of the young.

Charmides

Socrates, Charmides and Critias examine temperance and self-knowledge.

Lysis

Socrates, Lysis and Menexenus investigate what makes someone a friend.

Ion

Socrates and Ion examine poetic performance, expertise and inspiration.

Hippias Minor

Socrates and Hippias question lying, knowledge and voluntary wrongdoing.

Protagoras

Socrates and Protagoras debate whether virtue can be taught.

Gorgias

Socrates examines rhetoric, power and justice with Gorgias, Polus and Callicles.

Menexenus

Socrates recites a funeral oration attributed within the dialogue to Aspasia.

Euthydemus

Socrates recounts an encounter with Euthydemus and Dionysodorus and their verbal puzzles.

Meno

A conversation about virtue, inquiry, and learning.

Cratylus

Names and their relationship to what they name.

Phaedo

The soul and philosophy on Socrates’ final day.

Symposium

Speeches on love at an Athenian drinking party.

Republic

Justice, education, and the ordering of a city.

Phaedrus

Love, rhetoric, and the limits of writing.

Theaetetus

An inquiry into what it means to know.

Parmenides

Challenges to forms and an exercise on oneness.

Sophist

An investigation of sophistry, being, and not-being.

Statesman

Political expertise and good rule; also called Politicus.

Philebus

Pleasure and understanding in a good human life.

Timaeus

A cosmological account of order and its causes.

Critias

An unfinished account of ancient Athens and Atlantis.

Laws

Law and education in a proposed political community.

Hippias Major

Socrates and Hippias investigate what is beautiful.

Alcibiades I

A dialogue traditionally transmitted among Plato’s works.

Clitophon

A short work included in the Platonic collection.

Theages

A Socratic dialogue with debated Platonic authorship.

Hipparchus

One of the dialogues preserved under Plato’s name.

Minos

An attributed dialogue retained in the collected corpus.

Rival Lovers

Also known as Lovers or Rivals.

Alcibiades II

Also called Second Alcibiades; its attribution is debated.

Epinomis

An attributed sequel to the discussion in Laws.

Letters I–XIII

Thirteen attributed epistles; individual claims of authenticity vary.

Axiochus

An attributed dialogue generally excluded from Plato’s authentic writings.

Demodocus

A brief work preserved in the spurious Platonic corpus.

Eryxias

A dialogue included among works falsely attributed to Plato.

Halcyon

An ancient dialogue wrongly attributed to Plato.

On Justice

A short conversation in the wider Platonic collection.

On Virtue

An attributed discussion generally considered non-Platonic.

Sisyphus

A surviving dialogue classified with the Platonic spuria.

Definitions

A collection of definitions rather than a dialogue.

Epigrams

Short poems attributed to Plato; most are probably by others.

Nicomachean Ethics

Virtue, friendship, and the shape of a flourishing life.

Eudemian Ethics

Another systematic treatment of character and human happiness.

Magna Moralia

A shorter ethical treatise whose authorship remains disputed.

Politics

Citizenship, constitutions, and the purposes of political association.

Constitution of the Athenians

Athenian institutions and history, probably written by a pupil.

Rhetoric

Persuasion, argument, and the emotions of an audience.

Poetics

Poetry and the construction and effects of tragedy.

Categories

Kinds of predication and the classification of what exists.

On Interpretation

Assertions, negation, and the relation of language to thought.

Prior Analytics

The forms and validity of syllogistic deduction.

Posterior Analytics

Demonstration, explanation, and the conditions of scientific understanding.

Topics

Methods of dialectical argument from accepted opinions.

Sophistical Refutations

Apparent arguments and the ways reasoning can go wrong.

Physics

Change, nature, causes, time, and motion.

On the Heavens

The structure and motions of the cosmos.

On Generation and Corruption

Coming to be, passing away, and material change.

Meteorology

Weather and other phenomena of the natural world.

On the Soul

Life, perception, and thinking through the concept of soul.

History of Animals

Comparative inquiries into the features and behaviour of animals.

Parts of Animals

Explanations of animal anatomy and its functions.

Movement of Animals

The causes of animal movement and action.

Progression of Animals

How different animals move from place to place.

Generation of Animals

Reproduction and the development of living things.

Metaphysics

Being, substance, first principles, and ultimate explanation.

Discourse on the Method

An autobiographical introduction to method, knowledge and the reform of inquiry.

Rules for the Direction of the Mind

An unfinished investigation of method and the orderly pursuit of knowledge.

Meditations on First Philosophy

Six meditations on doubt, certainty, God, mind and body, with Objections and Replies.

The Search for Truth by Means of the Natural Light

An unfinished dialogue about discovering truth through the exercise of reason.

The Passions of the Soul

A study of emotions, their bodily causes and their place in human conduct.

The World, or Treatise on Light

A mechanical account of the material world and its natural phenomena.

Treatise on Man

An account of the body, sensation and physiological mechanisms.

Treatise on the Emendation of the Intellect

An unfinished investigation of knowledge and philosophical method.

Short Treatise on God, Man, and His Well-Being

An early account of themes later developed in Ethics.

Ethics

God and nature, the mind, emotions, and human freedom.

Theological-Political Treatise

Scriptural interpretation, religious authority, and freedom of thought.

Political Treatise

An unfinished study of power and political institutions.

Principles of Cartesian Philosophy

A geometrical exposition of Descartes’ philosophical principles.

Metaphysical Thoughts

A metaphysical appendix to the exposition of Descartes.

Letters

Philosophical correspondence with friends, critics, and other thinkers. The available English edition is A. Wolf’s 1928 collection of 86 entries; it omits later discoveries such as Letter 12A (to Meyer, 26 July 1663).

Compendium of Hebrew Grammar

An unfinished study of the Hebrew language.

A Letter Concerning Toleration

An argument about religious liberty and the limits of civil coercion.

Two Treatises of Government

Two connected treatments of patriarchal authority, natural rights and legitimate government.

An Essay Concerning Human Understanding

An investigation of ideas, experience, language and the limits of knowledge.

Some Thoughts Concerning Education

Reflections on raising children, forming character and developing habits of learning.

Of the Conduct of the Understanding

An unfinished work on habits of inquiry and the improvement of judgement.

The Reasonableness of Christianity

An examination of the essentials of Christian belief as presented in scripture.

Some Considerations of the Consequences of the Lowering of Interest and Raising the Value of Money

An intervention in debates about interest, trade and the value of money.

Further Considerations Concerning Raising the Value of Money

A response to proposed changes in silver coinage and monetary valuation.

An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding

A concise examination of experience, causation, belief and scepticism.

An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals

An investigation of moral judgement, virtue, usefulness and human feeling.

A Treatise of Human Nature

A three-book investigation of understanding, passions and morals.

A Dissertation on the Passions

A shorter treatment of emotions and their connections with human motivation.

Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion

A conversation testing arguments about God, design and the limits of inference.

The Natural History of Religion

A speculative account of the psychological origins and development of religious belief.

Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary

A collection ranging across political life, commerce, taste and literary culture.

The History of England

A six-volume history examining England’s institutions, conflicts and political change.

An Answer to the Question: What Is Enlightenment?

An essay about intellectual independence and the public use of reason.

Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics

A shorter presentation of the critical inquiry into possible metaphysical knowledge.

Critique of Pure Reason

An investigation of human knowledge, experience and the limits of metaphysics.

Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science

A critical account of the philosophical principles underlying natural science.

Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals

A search for the fundamental principle of moral obligation.

Critique of Practical Reason

A study of moral reason, freedom and the highest good.

The Metaphysics of Morals

Two parts examining duties of right and duties of virtue.

Critique of the Power of Judgment

An inquiry into aesthetic judgment and the purposiveness of nature.

Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason

A philosophical treatment of evil, moral renewal and religious community.

Toward Perpetual Peace

A proposal concerning peaceful relations between states and peoples.

Idea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Aim

An essay considering human history through a cosmopolitan philosophical perspective.

On the Common Saying: That May Be Correct in Theory, but It Is of No Use in Practice

An essay relating moral and political principles to practical judgment.

Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View

An account of human capacities and conduct from a pragmatic perspective.

The Conflict of the Faculties

Essays on philosophy, university faculties and intellectual authority.

A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

A political and moral argument for women’s rational education and independence.

A Vindication of the Rights of Men

A response to Burke addressing inherited privilege and political rights.

An Historical and Moral View of the Origin and Progress of the French Revolution

A history interpreting the origins and early course of the Revolution.

Thoughts on the Education of Daughters

Early reflections on education, conduct and the formation of character.

Original Stories from Real Life

Educational stories and conversations about habits, feelings and moral conduct.

Letters Written during a Short Residence in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark

Travel letters combining observations of society with personal and philosophical reflection.

Mary: A Fiction

A novel about feeling, relationships and a woman’s constrained circumstances.

Maria; or, The Wrongs of Woman

An unfinished, posthumously published novel examining women’s dependence and injustice.

Either/Or

Essays and letters staging contrasting aesthetic and ethical ways of living.

Repetition

A pseudonymous literary experiment investigating repetition, recollection and lived experience.

Stages on Life’s Way

A literary exploration of aesthetic, ethical and religious existence.

Fear and Trembling

Johannes de silentio’s examination of Abraham, faith and ethical obligation.

Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits

Signed religious discourses on inward life, commitment and Christian suffering.

Works of Love

Signed Christian deliberations on love, duty and relations with the neighbor.

The Concept of Anxiety

A pseudonymous inquiry into anxiety, freedom and the problem of sin.

The Sickness Unto Death

Anti-Climacus’s Christian analysis of despair and the task of becoming a self.

Philosophical Fragments

Johannes Climacus’s thought experiment concerning learning, history and religious truth.

Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments

Johannes Climacus’s extended inquiry into subjectivity and becoming Christian.

On the Concept of Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates

A dissertation examining Socratic irony and its later philosophical forms.

Two Ages: A Literary Review

A literary review contrasting revolutionary and reflective ages, including modern public life.

Practice in Christianity

Anti-Climacus’s challenge to comfortable understandings of Christian faith.

The Point of View for My Work as an Author

A posthumously published account of the religious purpose of Kierkegaard’s writing.

Twilight of the Idols

A compact collection criticizing philosophical, moral and cultural assumptions.

Beyond Good and Evil

An examination of philosophers’ prejudices, morality and possible future values.

On the Genealogy of Morality

Three essays investigating the development and value of moral concepts.

Daybreak

Aphoristic reflections on moral judgments, habits and their psychological origins.

Human, All Too Human

Aphorisms examining culture, religion, knowledge and the life of a free spirit.

The Gay Science

Experiments in knowledge, morality, art and the affirmation of life.

Thus Spoke Zarathustra

A philosophical literary work unfolding through Zarathustra’s speeches and encounters.

The Birth of Tragedy

An early account of Greek tragedy, artistic creation and culture.

Untimely Meditations

Four essays on culture, history, education and intellectual exemplars.

On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense

An early essay on language and truth, unpublished during Nietzsche’s life.

The Case of Wagner

A late polemic examining Wagner’s music and its cultural significance.

Nietzsche Contra Wagner

An author-arranged selection of passages reconsidering Nietzsche’s relationship with Wagner.

The Antichrist

A late critique of Christianity, published after Nietzsche ceased writing.

Ecce Homo

An intellectual self-portrait revisiting Nietzsche’s works and philosophical aims.

On Colours

How colours arise in light, air, water and bodies; a Peripatetic study transmitted with Aristotle’s works.

On Things Heard

Sound, voice and hearing; a Peripatetic study transmitted with Aristotle’s works.

Physiognomonics

Reading character from bodily features; a treatise transmitted under Aristotle’s name.

On Plants

The nature and parts of plants; a Greek text descended through Latin and Arabic versions of a lost treatise.

On Marvellous Things Heard

A collection of wonders of nature and of distant places, compiled in the Peripatetic school.

Mechanics

Questions on the lever, the balance and other devices, explained through the circle.

On Indivisible Lines

Arguments against the theory that there are indivisible lines.

Situations and Names of Winds

A short list of the winds by direction and local name.

On Melissus, Xenophanes and Gorgias

A critical summary of the arguments of three early philosophers about being.

Virtues and Vices

A brief catalogue of the virtues and vices of each part of the soul.

Economics

The management of a household and of the finances of states and rulers; Books I–II.

Rhetoric to Alexander

A practical handbook of public speaking, transmitted with a dedicatory letter to Alexander.

On the Universe

The ordered universe, its regions and phenomena, and the god who sustains it.

On Breath

Breath, respiration and the vital heat in animals.

Problems

Questions with proposed answers on medicine, nature, music, character and much else, collected in the Peripatetic school.

Sense and Sensibilia

The senses, their organs and their objects, especially colour, flavour and odour.

On Memory and Recollection

What memory is, and how recollection searches for what is remembered.

On Sleep and Waking

Why animals sleep and wake, and what happens in the body during sleep.

On Dreams

What dreams are and how they arise from sense impressions.

On Divination in Sleep

Whether dreams can foretell the future.

On Length and Shortness of Life

Why some living things live long and others briefly.

On Youth and Old Age, On Life and Death

Youth, age, life and death explained through the vital heat.

On Respiration

Breathing and its purpose in animals, with a critique of earlier theories.

History of Animals, Book X

Causes of failure to conceive; transmitted as a tenth book of the History of Animals and labelled spurious in the translation.

Comments on a Certain Broadsheet

Descartes’s reply to Regius’s broadsheet on the human mind, which he reprints and answers article by article.

Compendium of Music

Descartes examines musical sound, rhythm, consonances, degrees and modes.

Prefatory Letters to The Passions of the Soul

A prefatory warning and four letters: two from an unnamed friend and two replies by Descartes, dated 1648–1649.

Optics (Dioptrics)

An account of light, refraction, vision and the construction of optical instruments.

Meteorology (Les Météores)

Descartes’s account of atmospheric phenomena, including clouds, rain, snow and the rainbow.

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