Compendium of Music

The OBJECT of this Art is a Sound.

The END; to delight, and move various Affections in us. For Songs may bee made dolefull and delightfull at once: nor is it strange that two divers effects should result from this one cause, since thus Elegiographers and Tragœdians please their Auditors so much the more, by how much the more griefe they excite in them.

The MEANS conducing to this End, or the Affections of a Sound are chiefly two; viz. the Differences therof in the reason of Duration or Time, and in the reason of its intension or modification into Acute or Grave; for concerning the quality of a Sound, from what body and how it may procede more gratefull, is the Argument of Physiologists.

This only thing seems to render the voice of Man the most gratefull of all other sounds; that it holds the greatest conformity to our spirits. Thus also is the voice of a Friend more gratefull then of an Enemy, from a sympathy and dispathy of Affections: by the same reason, perhaps, that it is conceived that a Drum headed with a Sheeps skin yeelds no sound, though strucken, if another Drum headed with a Wolfs skin bee beaten upon in the same Room.

1. Each Sense is capable of some Delectation.

2. To this Delectation is required a certain proportion of the object to the sense. Hence comes it, (for instance) that the noise of Thunder, and the report of Guns are not convenient to Musick: because they offend the Ear, as the too great splendor of the Sun doth destroy the sight.

3. The Object must bee such, as that it fall not upon the Sense with too great Difficulty and Confusion. Hence comes it, (for instance) that any Figure exceedingly implicate, though exactly regular, such is the Mother in the Astrolabe, is not so pleasant to the Aspect, as another consisting of lines more equall; such as is in the same Net: the reason wherof is, because the sense doth more fully satisfie it self in the one, then in the other, wherin are many things which it doth not perceive sufficiently distinct.

4. That Object is more easily perceived by the sense, in which is found the least Difference of Parts.

5. The parts of an Object are said to bee lesse different each from other, when they mutually hold the greater proportion each to other.

6. That proportion ought to be Arithmeticall, not Geometricall. The reason wherof is, because, in that, there are not so many things advertible, since the Differences are every where equall: and therfore the sense suffers not so much labour and defatigation, that it may distinctly perceive all things occurring therin: For example, the proportion of these lines is more easily distinguished by the eies, then of these because in the first, the sense is required only to advert the Unity for the difference of each line; but in the second, the parts AB, and BC, which are incommensurable. And therfore, I conceive, they can by no means be perfectly perceived by the sense, together and at once, but only in order to a proportion Arithmeticall; so that it may advert in the part AB two parts, wherof three are existent in BC; wherin it is manifest, that the sense is perpetually deceived.

7. Among Objects of the sense, that is not most gratefull to the Mind, which is most easily perceived by the sense; nor that, on the contrary, which is with the most difficulty apprehended: but that which is perceived not so easily, as that that naturall desire, wherby the senses are carried towards their proper Objects, is not therby totally fulfilled; nor yet so hardly, as that the sense is therby tired.

8. Finally, it is to be observed, that Variety, is most gratefull in all things. These Propositions conceded, let us consider the first Affection of a Sound.

Time, in Sounds, ought to consist of equall Parts; because such are the most easily of all others perceived by the sence, (according to the fourth Præconsiderable:) or of Parts which are in a double or triple proportion, nor is there any further progression allowable; because such are of all others the most easily distinguished by the ear, (according to the fifth and sixth Præconsiderables.) For, if the measures were more unequall, the Hearing could not apprehend their differences without labour and trouble, as experience witnesseth: For, if against one note we should place (for instance) five equall ones; it could not be sung without extream difficulty.

You object, that four Notes may be placed against one, or eight; and therefore a farther progression may be made to these Numbers. We answer, that these Numbers are not the first among themselves, and therefore doe not generate new proportions; but only multiply a double: which is constant from hence, that they cannot be set unlesse combinated, nor can we set such Notes alone, where the second is the fourth part of the first: But thus, where the last seconds are the half part of the first, and so there is only a double proportion multiplyed.

From these two kinds of proportions in Time, there arise two kinds of Measures in Musick: namely by a Division into Three in time, or into Two. But, this Division is noted by a percussion, or stroke, as they call it; which is ordained to assist our Imagination, that so we may the more easily perceive all the members of the Tune, and be delighted with the proportion, which ought to be in them. Now, this proportion is most frequently kept in the members of the Tune, in order to the helping of our Imagination, so that while we yet heare the last of the time, we may remember what was in the first, and what was in the rest of the Tune. Which is effected, if the whole Tune be composed of 8, or 16, or 32, or 64, &c. members: so that all Divisions may proceed from a double proportion. For then, when we have heard the Two first members, we apprehend them as one, while yet wee conjoyne the Third member with the First, so that the proportion becomes triple: afterward, when we have heard the Fourth, we conjoyn it with the Third, and so apprehend it as one and the same. Then we again conjoyn the Two First with the Two Last, and so apprehend those Four together as One. And thus doth our Imagination proceed even to the end: where at length it conceives the whole Tune, as one intire thing composed of many equall members.

Few have understood, how this Measure can be exhibited to the ears without a percussion, or stroke, in Musick, very diminute and of many voyces. This we say is effected only by a certain intension of the Spirit or breath, in Vocall Musick; or of the Touch, in Instrumental: so as from the beginning of each stroke, the sound is emitted more distinctly. Which all Singers naturally observe, and those who play on Instruments; principally in Tunes, at whose numbers we are wont to dance and leap: for, this Rule is there kept, that we may distinguish every stroke of the Musick, with a single motion of our bodies; to the doing of which we are also naturally impelled by Musick. For certain it is, that a sound doth concusse, or shake all circumjacent bodies, as is exemplified in Thunder, and the ringing of Bells; the reason whereof is to be referred to the disquisition of Physiology. But, insomuch as the Hoti is confest by all men, and that the sound is emitted more strongly, and distinctly in the beginning of each Measure, as we have formerly hinted: we may well affirm, that that sound doth more smartly and violently concusse or agitate our Spirits, by which we are excited to motion; as also by consequence, that Beasts may dance to number, or keep time with their Feet, if they be taught and accustomed thereto; because to this, nothing more is required, then only a mere naturall Impetus, or pleasant violence.

Now, concerning those various Affections, or Passions, which Musick, by its various Measures can excite in us; we say, in the Generall, that a slow measure doth excite in us gentle, and sluggish motions, such as a kind of Languor, Sadnesse, Fear, Pride, and other heavy, and dull Passions: and a more nimble and swift measure doth, proportionately, excite more nimble and sprightly Passions, such as Joy, Anger, Courage, &c. The same may be also sayd of the double kind of percussion, viz. that a Quadrate, or such as is perpetually resolved into equals, is slower and duller, then a Tertiate, or such as doth consist of Three equal parts. The reason whereof is, because this doth more possesse and imploy the sence, inasmuch as therein are more (namely 3) members to be adverted, while in the other are only 2. but a more exact & ample disquisition of this rare secret, doth depend upon the exquisite cognition of the Motions of the Minde; of which this place is uncapable.

However, we shall not omit, that so great is the force of Time in Mnsick, as that it alone can of it selfe adfer a certain Delectation; as is experimented in that Military Instrument, the Drum, wherein nothing else is required then meerly measure of Time; which therefore (I conceive) cannot there be composed of only 2, or 3 Parts, but also of 5, or perhaps 7 others. For since in such an Instrument the sence hath nothing else to take notice of, but bare Time: therefore in Time may be the greater Diversity, that so it may the more exercise and imploy the sence.

This may be considered chiefly in three manners, or wayes; either in sounds which are emitted at once and together from divers bodies; or in those which are emitted successively from the same voyce; or lastly, in those which are emitted successively from divers voyces, or sonorous bodies. From the first manner, arise Consonances: from the second, Degrees: from the third, Dissonancies, which come nearer to Consonances. Where it is manifest that in Consonances the Diversity of Sounds ought to be lesse, than in Degrees; because that would more tire, and disgust the Hearing in sounds, which are together emitted, then in those that are emitted successively. The same also, in proportion, may be affirmed concerning the Difference of Degrees from such Dissonancies, as are tolerated in relation.

First, we are to observe, that an Unison is no Consonance; because therein is no Difference of Sounds, as to Acute and Grave: but that it bears the same relation to Consonances, that Unity doth to Numbers.

Secondly, that of two Terms, required in Consonances, that which is the more Grave, is far the more Potent, and doth in a manner contain the other Term in it selfe: as is manifest in the Nerves of a Lute, of which when any one is percussed, those strings, which are an Eighth, or Fifth more acute, tremble and resound of their own accord; but those which are more Grave do not, at least do not appear to the sence so to do; the Reason whereof is thus demonstrated. One sound bears the same respect to another sound, that one string bears to another string: but in every string that is greater, all the other strings, that are lesse, are comprehended; though every string that is longer, doth not comprehend all the others, that are shorter: and therfore also in every Graver Sound, all others more Acute are comprehended; but not, on the contrary, in every Acuter Sound are the more Grave comprehended: whence it is evident, that the more Acute Termis to be found by the Division of the more Grave. Which Division that it ought to be Arithmeticall, i. e. into equall parts, is consequent from what was before observed in the sixth Præconsiderable.

Let, therfore, AB bee the more Grave Term, in which if I would find the Acuter Term of all the first Consonances, I must divide it by the first of all Numbers, viz. by 2, as is done in C; and then AC, AB, are distant each from other, the first of all the Consonances, which is called an Eighth and Diapason. Further, would I have other Consonances, which immediately follow the first; I must divide AB into three equall parts; and then I shall have not only one Acute Term, but two, viz. AD, and AE, from which there will arise two Consonances of the same kind, viz. a Twelfth, and a Fifth. Again, I can subdivide the line AB into 4, or 5, or 6 parts, but no further; because such is the imbecillity of the Ears, as that they cannot distinguish, without so much labour as must drown the pleasure, any more Differences of Sounds.

Heer we are required to note, that from the first Division doth arise only one Consonance: from the second, two: from the third, three: as this Table demonstrateth.

Heere wee have not set downe all Consonances that are; in regard, that, to our more facile Invention of the rest, requisite it is that we first treat

That this is the first of all Consonances, and that which is the most easily perceived by the Hearing after an Vnison; is manifest from the Premises, and also comprobated by experiment in Pipes: which, when blown with a breath stronger than ordinary, instantly yield a sound more Acute one Eighth. Nor is there any reason, why that sound should immediately arise to an Eighth, rather than to a Fifth, or any other Note; unlesse because an Eighth is the first of all Consonances, and that which is the least different from an Unison. From whence, we conceive, it doth also follow, that no sound can be heard, but it seems in some sort to resound in the ear more Acute an Eighth: and that this is also the cause, why in a Lute to the greater strings, which give Graver sounds, other smaller strings more Acute one Eighth are consociated, which are alwayes percussed at the same instant, and so effect that the Graver sounds are heard more distinctly. Whence it is manifest, that no sound which shall be consonant to one Term of an Eighth, can be dissonant to any other Term of the same Eighth.

A seeond thing to be observed concerning an Eighth, is this; that it is the greatest of all Consonances, that is, that all other Consonances are contained therein; or composed therof, and of others which are contained therein. Which may be demonstrated from hence, that all Consonances consist of equall parts; whence it comes, that if their Terms be more distant each from other than one Eighth, we may, without any further Division of a more Grave Term, adde one Eighth to a more Acute, of which, together with the residue, it will appear that that is composed. An Example may be AB, divided into three equall parts, of which AC, AB, are distaut by one Twelfth: we say, that Twelfth is composed of an Eighth, and the residue thereof, viz. a Fifth; for composed it is of AC, AD, which is an Eighth; and AD, AB, which is a Fifth: and so it falls out in the rest. Whence it comes, that one Eighth doth not so multiply the numbers of proportion if it compose others, as all others do; and is therefore the only Consonance which is capable of Gemination, or Doubling. For, if it be Geminated, it makes only 4, or 8, if regeminated: but if a Fifth be Geminated, which is the First after an Eighth, it makes 9: for from 4, to 6, is a Fifth; in like maner from 6, to 9; which number is far greater then 4, and exceeds the series of the first six Numbers, in which we have formerly included all Consonances.

From this it naturally follows; that of all Consonances, of what kind soever, there are but three Species: one is Simple: another Compound of a Simple and an Eighth: a third composed of a simple and 2. Eighths. Nor can any other Species be added, which is composed of 3 Eighths, and another simple Consonance; because these are the extream limits, nor is there any progression beyond three Eighths; since then the numbers of Proportions would be multiplyed excessively. From whence is deduced a generall Catalogue of all Consonances whatever, which is here presented in the following Table.

Here have we added the Sixth Minor, which we had not observed in the precedent Chapter; in regard it may be educed from what hath been sayd of an Eighth, from which if a Ditone be cut off, the remainder will be a Sixth Minor. But of this more clearly anon.

Wheras we even now affirmed, that all Consonances were comprehended in an Eighth; we are concerned to inquire how that comes to passe, and how they proceed from the Division thereof, that so their nature may be the more plainly and distinctly understood.

First, it is most certain, that that Division of an Eighth, from which all Consonances arise, ought to be Arithmeticall, or into equall parts: now what that is, which ought to be divided, is evident in the string AB, which is distant from AC, the part CB; but the sound AB, differs from the sound AC, an Eighth: therefore will the space of an Eighth be the part CB. That therefore is it, which ought to be divided into two equalls, that the whole Eighth may be divided, which is effected in D. From which Division, that we may understand what Consonance is properly, and per se generated; we are to consider that AB, which is the more grave Term, is divided in D, not in order to it self, for then it would have been divided in C, as was done before: nor, as the Case stands now, is an Unison divided, but an Octave, which consists of two Terms, and therefore when the more Grave Term is divided, that Division is made in order to another more Acute. Whence it comes that the Consonance properly arising from the Division, is between the Terms AC, AD, which is a Fifth; not betwixt AD, AB, which is a Fourth: because the part DB, is only the residue, and generates a Consonance by accident; from hence, that sound which makes a Consonance with one Term of an Eighth, ought also to make a Consonance with the other.

Again, the space CB being divided in D, I might by the same reason divide CD in E; from whence a Ditone would be directly generated, and by accident all the other Consonances: nor is it requisite that CE be further divided; yet if that were done, viz. in F, then would from thence arise a greater Tone, and by accident a lesser Tone, and the Semitones, of which hereafter: for, in a voyce, they are successively admitted, but not in Consonances.

Nor let any think it imaginary, what we say, that only a Fifth and a Ditone are generated from the Division of an Eighth properly, and all other Consonances by Accident; for Experience teacheth the same in the strings of a Lute or other Instrument, whereof if one be stroke, the force of that sound will strike all the other strings which shall be more Acute in any kind of Fifth or Ditone: but in the others which are distant a Fourth, or other Consonance, the same shal not happen. Which force of Consonances must undoubtedly arise from hence, either from their Perfection, or Imperfection, insomuch as these are first Consonances of themselves, but all others are only by Accident, because they necessarily flow from others.

But let us enquire, whether that be true, which we formerly sayd, Viz. That all Simple Consonances are comprehended in an Eighth: this we shall easily justifie, if we shall turn CB, the halfe of AB, which contains an Eighth, into a Circle; so that the poynt B may be joyned to the poynt C. Then let the Circle be divided in D and E, as it was divided in CB: and the reason why all the Consonances ought so to be found out, is because no sound can be consonant to one Term of an Eighth, but it must also be consonant to the other Term of the same, as we have already proved. From whence it comes, that if in the subsequent Figure one part of the Circle make a Consonanee; the residue must also eontain some Consonance.

From this Figure it is demonstrated how rightly an Eighth is named Diapason, because it comprehends in it selfe all the intervalls of other Consonances. Here we have exhibited only Simple Consonances; where if we would find out also Compound ones, all we are to do is only to adde, to the intervalls above described, one or two whole Circles; and then it will appear that an Eighth doth compose all Consonances.

From what hath præceded, we collect that all Consonances may be referred to Three Kinds; for (1) either they arise from the first Division of an Unison, such are those which are called Eighths, which make the First Genus: or (2) they arise from the Division of an Eighth into two equall parts, such are Fifths and Fourths, which we may therefore call Consonances of the Second Division: or (3) they arise from the Division of a Fifth, which are Consonances of the Third and last kind. We again divide them into such Consonances as arise from those Divisions per se; and those which arise per Accidens; and that there are only three Consonances per se, we have formerly sayd, which may be confirmed from the First Figure, in which we extracted the Consonances from the Numbers themselves: For therein we are to take notice, that there are only three sonorous Numbers, 2, 3, and 5, for the number 4, and number 6, are compounded of them, and are therefore sonorous numbers only by Accident, as doth there appear; where, in a right order and a streight line, they do not generate new Consonances, but only such are composed from the former: for example, 4 generates a Fifteenth, and 6 a Nineteenth; but per Accidens and in a transvers line, 4 generates a Fourth, and 6 a Third lesser; where we are to observe by the By, that in the Number 4, a Fourth is immediately generated from an Eighth, and is in a manner a certain Monster, or difficient and imperfect Product of an Eighth.

This, of all Consonances, is the most gratefull, and acceptable to the Ear; and, for that reason, it is the prime and ruling Consonance in all Tunes; as also from it do the Modes proceed, as follows from the 7 Præconsiderable: for since, as it is manifest from what hath preceded, whether we extract the perfection of Consonances from Division, or from Numbers; there can properly be found only three Consonances, among which the fifth hath the middle place: this (certainly) is it which resounds in the ears not so sharply as a Ditone, nor so languid as a Diapason, but the most pleasant of all others. Further, from the Second Figure it appears, that there are three kinds of a Fifth, where the Twelfth possesses the mean place, which we may therefore affirm to be the most perfect Fifth: from whence it follows, that we might use no other Consonance in Musick, if it were not, as we inferred in the last Præconsiderable, that Variety was necessary to Delectation.

If it be objected, that, in some cases, an Eighth may be set alone in Musick, without any Variety; as, for Example, when two voyces sing the same Tune, one more acute than the other in an Eighth: but the same doth not evene in a Fifth; and therefore it follows, that an Eighth ought to be accounted the most gratefull of all Consonances, rather than a Fifth.

We answer, that, from this Instance, our Assertion is rather confirmed, than infirmed; for the reason, why an Eighth may be so set, is, because it comprehends an Unison in it selfe, and so those two voyces resound in the eare as one; which happens not in a Fifth, whose Terms are more different among themselves, and therefore possesse, and exercise the Hearing more fully; from whence a certain weariness and loathing would arise forthwith, if it were set alone, and without Variety in Tunes. This may be exemplified thus; we should be sooner weary if we were constantly fed with Sugar, and Sweat-meats, than if with bread alone; which every man will allow not, in any proportion, comparable for sweetness and blandishment of the palate, to Sugar.

This, of all Consonances, is the most unhappy; nor is it ever used in Tunes, unlesse by Accident, and with the assistance of others: not that it is more imperfect than a Third Minor, or a Sixth, but that it approacheth the nature of a Fifth so neerly, that the grace of this is drowned in the sweetnesse of that. To the understanding of which, we are to note, that a Fifth is never heard in Musick, but that, in some sort, an acuter Fourth is withall advertised; which follows from what we have sayd, that in an Unison, there is, in some sort, resounded an acuter Eighth. For Example, let AC be in distance form DB a Fifth, and the resonance thereof, more Acute by an Eighth, be EF; and certainly that will be distant from DB, by one Fourth: whence it comes, that it may be called the shadow of a Fifth, which perpetually accompanies it; and thence also it is evident, why a Fourth cannot be set in Tunes, primarily, and per se, i. e. betwixt a Basse and another part. For when we sayd, that other Consonances were necessary in Musick, only in order to the variation of a Fifth; certainly, it is evident, that a Fourth would be uselesse, in regard it cannot vary a Fifth: which appears from hence; that, if it were set in a more Grave part, it would alway resound more Acute than a Fifth, where the Hearing would soon perceive that it is deturbed from its proper place to an inferiour one, and so a Fourth would bee most harsh and unpleasant thereto, as if only the shadow were presented instead of the body, or the Image objected instead of the Thing it selfe.

That a Ditone is, by many degrees, more perfect than a Fourth, is manifest from the Premises; to which, neverthelesse, we shall adde this; that the Perfection of any Consonance is not to be desumed precisely, from the same, while it is Simple; but also from all the Compounds thereof: the reason whereof is, that it can never be heard alone so jejune and empty, but the resonance of this composed is also heard together with it; since that, in an Unison, the resonance of a more Acute Eighth is contained, we have formerly evicted. Now, that a Ditone, so considered, doth consist of lesser Numbers than a Fourth, and is therefore more perfect than a Fourth; is plain from the Second Figure: wherein we, therefore, placed a Ditone before a Fourth, insomuch as we endeavoured, in that Figure, to place all Consonances according to the order of Perfection.

But here we are obliged to explain, why the third Genus of a Ditone is the most perfect, and makes, in the strings of a Lute, a Tremulation perceptible even by the sight; rather than the First, or Second Genus: which we conceive to proceed from hence; that this Third doth consist in a multiplyed Proportion, but the First in a super-particular, the Second in a multiplyed and superparticular, together. And why, from multiplyed proportion, the most perfect Consonances do arise; which we therefore placed in the First order of the First Figure, we thus demonstrate.

Let the Line AB be distant from CD, in the Third Genus of a Ditone, howsoever men shall imagine the sound to be perceived by the Hearing; certain it is that it is more easie to distinguish what is the proportion betweene AB and CD, than, for Example, betweene CF and CD; beeause it will first bee knowne directly by the application of the sound AB, to the parts of the sound CD, viz. Ce, ef, fg, &c. nor will there be any residue in the end: which falls not alike in the proportion of the sound Cf, to CD; for if Cf be applyed to fh, there will be the residue hD, by the reflection of which we ought to know what is the proportion between Cf & CD, which is more difficult or tedious. By the same way will it be conceived, if any say that a sound doth strike the ears with many percussions or verberations, and that by so much the more swiftly, by how much the more acute the sound is; for then, that the sound AB may arrive at the requisite Uniformity with the sound CD, it ought to strike the ears with only five touches or verberations, while CD strikes only once: but the sound Cf will not so soone returne to an Unisonance, for that cannot be done but after the second stroke of the sound CD, as is described in the superiour Demonstration. The same will also be explained, however we conceive the sound to be heard.

A Third Minor ariseth from a Ditone, as a Fourth from a Fifth, and is therefore more imperfect than a Fourth, as a Ditone, is than a Fifth. Nor is it therefore to bee excluded Musick, since it is not onely not uselesse, but even necessary, in order to the variation of a Fifth. For, since an Eighth is alwayes heard in an Unison, it cannot adfer this variety; nor a Ditone alone, (for there can be no variety unlesse betwixt Two, at least:) therfore is a Third Minor associated thereto, to the end that such Tunes, wherein Ditones are more frequent, may be distinct from such as have a Third Minor very often iterated in them.

A Sixth Major proceeds from a Ditone, and by the same reason participateth the nature thereof, as a Tenth Major, and Seventeenth: to the understanding of which, we are to look back upon the First Figure, where, in the number Foure, are found a Fifteenth, an Eighth, and a Fourth, which is the First Compound Number, and which, by a Binary, (which representeth an Eighth,) is resolved even into an Unity; whence it comes that all Consonances generated from it, are apt and convenient for Composition, among which since a Fourth is found, (which, for that respect, we formerly called a Monster, or defective Eighth;) thence doth it follow, that the same is not unprofitable in composition, where the same reasons do not recur, which hinder it from being set alone; for then is it perfected by the adjunct, and remains no longer subject to a Fifth,

A Sixth Minor proceeds from a Third Minor, in the same manner as a Sixth Major doth from a Ditone, and so borrows the nature and affections of a Third Minor: nor is there any reason to countermand it.

Here the Series of Consonances would Exact from us a Discourse concerning their various Virtues, as to the excitement of Passions: but a more exact Disquisition of this, may be collected from the Præcedents; and it exceeds the limits of a Compendium. For, so various are they, and upon so light circumstances supported; that, a whole Volume would not suffice to perfect their Theory. This, therefore, shall we only say, that the chiefest Variety doth arise from these four last; whereof a Ditone and Sixth Major are more gratefull, more sprightfull, and exhilarating than a Third and Sixth Minor; as hath been observed by Practicall Musicians, and may be easily deduced from hence, that a Third Minor is generated from a Ditone only by Accident, but a Sixth Major per se, because it is no other but a Ditone Compound.

For two causes chiefly are Degrees required in Musick; (1) That by their assistance a Transition may be made from one Consonance to another, which cannot, so conveniently, be effected by Consonances themselves with Variety, the most gratefull thing in Musick: (2) That all that space, which the sound runs over, may be so divided into certain intervals, as that the Tune may alwayes passe through them more commodiously than through Consonances.

If we consider them in the first capacity; there can be only Four kinds of Degrees, and no more: For then they ought to be desumed from the inequality, found between Consonances, and all Consonances are distant each from other 1/9 part, or 1/10, or 1/16, or finally 1/25; besides the intervals which make other Consonances: therefore all Degrees consist in those numbers, the two first Tones whereof are called Major and Minor, and the two last are called Semitones, Major and Minor. But we are to prove that Degrees, considered in this capacity, are generated from the inequality of Consonances; which is thus done. So often as there is a transition made from one Consonance to another, either one Term is moved single, or both together; and by neither of these two ways can any such transition be made, unlesse by those intervals, which design the inequality betwixt Consonances: Therefore. The first part of the Minor is thus demonstrated.

Let from A to B, be a Fifth; and from A to C, be a Sixth Minor; and, of necessity, from B to C wil be that difference, which is betwixt a Fifth and a Sixth Minor, viz. 1/16, as is evident: but that the Posterior part of the Minor may be proved, wee are to observe; that wee are not, in sounds, to regard only the proportion while they are emitted together, but also while they are emitted successively, so that, as much as possible, the sound of one Voyce ought to keepe Consonance with the immediately præcedent sound of the other voyce; which can never bee effected, if the Degrees did not arise from the inequality of Consonances. For Example, let DE be a Fifth, and let each Term be moved by contrary motions, so that a Third Minor may be created; if DF be an intervall, which doth not arise from the inequality of a Fourth to a Fifth, F cannot, by relation, be consonant to E; but if yea, then it can: and so likewise in the rest, as may soon be experimented. Here observe, that as concerning that Relation, we sayd it ought to be consonant so much as possible: for alwayes it cannot be, as will appeare in the succeeding Discourse.

But if wee consider them in the second Capacity; namely, how these Degrees may, and ought to bee ordained in the whole intervall of sounds, that by them one solitary voyce may be immediately elevated, or depressed; then, among the Tones already found out, those Degrees shall only be accounted Legitimate, into which the Consonances are immediately divided. To the manifestation of this, wee are to advert, that every intervall of sounds is divided into Eighths, whereof one can by no means differ from another, and therefore that it is sufficient, if the space of one Eighth be so divided as that all the Degrees may be obtained: as also, that that Eighth is already divided into a Ditone, a Third minor, and a Fourth, all which evidently follow from what wee have sayd concerning the last Figure of the Superior Tractate.

Hence also is it manifest, that Degrees cannot divide a whole Eighth, unlesse they divide a Ditone, a Third minor, and a Fourth; which is thus done. A Ditone is divided into a Tone major, and a Tone minor; a Third minor is divided into a Tone major, and a Semitone majus; a Fourth, into a Third minor, and also a Tone minor, which Third is again divided into a Tone major, and a Semitone majus; and so the whole Eighth doth consist of three Tones major, two Tones minor, and two Semitones majora; as is manifest to him who seriously and exactly perpends their Scheme. And here we have only three Kinds of Degrees; for a Semitone minus is excluded, because it doth not immediately divide Consonances, but only a Tone minor. As for Example, if it be sayd that a Ditone doth consist of a Tone major, and both Semitones (for both Semitones compose a Tone minor): but wherefore, will you say, is not that Degree also admitted, which resulteth from the Division of another, and divides Consonances onely Mediately, not immediately? our Answer is, that the Voyce cannot run through so many various Divisions, and at the same instant be consonant with an other different voyce, unlesse with extream Difficulty, as is open to Experiment: besides, a Semitone minus would then be joyned to a Tone major, with which it would create a most unpleasant Dissonance; for consist it would between these numbers 64 and 75, and therefore the voyce could not bee moved through such an intervall. But, in order to the clearer solution of this Objection, we are to note;

That to the Creation of an Acute sound, is required a more forcible emission of the breath, or spirit in vocall Musick; or a stronger percussion of the strings in instrumentall; than is required to the Creation of a Grave: which is experimented in the strings of a Lute, which yield a sound by so much the more Acute, by how much the more they are distended; as also from hence, that by a greater force, the Aer is divided into lesser parts, from which the more Acute sound must of necessity be generated: and from hence it is a direct Consequence, that by how much the more Acute a sound is, by so much the more strongly doth it strike the eares. From this animadversion, I conceive, a true and chiefe reason may be rendred, wherefore Degrees were invented; viz. least, if the voyce should run through the Termes of Consonances alone, there would bee among them too great a disproportion in the reason of intension, which would inevitably tire both the Auditors and Singers. For Example, would I ascend from A to B, because the sound B wil strike the ears far stronger, than the sound A, lest that Disproportion should be incommodious, the Term C is set in the midle, by which we may, as by a Degree, more easily, and without that inequall contention of the breath, ascend to B. From which it is manifest, that Degrees are nothing elss but a certaine medium, interposed betweene the Terms of Consonances, for the moderation of their inequality; and that of themselves they have not sweetnesse enough to satisfie the ears, but are only considerable and usefull in order to Consonances; so that while the Voyce runs through one Degree, it leaves the Hearing unsatisfied, untill it shall have arrived at a Second; which, for that respect, ought, together with the former Degree, to constitute a Consonance: and this is sufficient to solve the præcedent Objection. Moreover, this also is the reason, why, in a Voyce, successively Degrees are admitted, rather than Ninths or Sevenths, (which arise from Degrees,) or others which do consist of lesse Numbers than Degrees; namely, because intervals of this sort do not divide the least Consonances, nor can they therfore moderate that inequality, which is betwixt their Terms. More, concerning the invention of Degrees, (which arise from the Division of a Ditone into two parts, as a Ditone doth from the Division of a Fifth,) might be superadded; and many things from thence be deduced, which concern their sundry Perfections: But it would require more room than a Compendium can afford, and a good Understanding may infer as much, from what hath præceded concerning Consonances.

More requisite it is, that, in the present, we speak of the Method or Order, in which those Degrees are to be constituted in the whole space of an Eighth; now this Order ought to be such, as that a Semitone majus, may have on each side next to it a Tone major; as also a Tone minor, with which this doth compose a Ditone; and the Semitone a Third minor, according to what we have jast now observed: but since an Eighth containeth Two Semitones, and as many Tones minor; that this may be obtained without Fraction, it ought also to containe Foure Tones major: Now because it containes only three, therefore is it necessary, that, in some place, wee use a certaine Fraction, which may be the difference betwixt a Tone major and a Tone minor, which we nominate a Schism; or also between a Tone major and a Semitone majus, which contains a Semitone minus with a Schism: to the end, that by the helpe of these Fractions the same Tone major may, after a sort, bee made moveable, and so perform the office of two Tones; which is easily preceptible in the Figures here delineated, where we have turned the whole space of an Eighth into a Circle, after the same manner, as in the end of the Sixth Chapter.

And truely in either of these Figures, every intervall designeth one Degree, except Two: viz. a Schism in the First, and a Semitone minus with a Schism in the Second: which Two are in some sort moveable, so that they may bee referred successively to both Degrees immediately annexed unto it.

Now, manifest it is from these Figures, (1) That, in the First Figure, there can be no ascention by Degrees from 288 to 405, unlesse wee emit the midle Term in some sort tremulous or quavering; so that if it respect 288, it may seeme to bee 480, but if it respect 405, then it may seeme to bee 486, viz. that with both it make a Third minor, and the difference is so smal betwixt 480 and 486, that the mobility of that Terme, which is constituted from both, doth not strike the Hearing with a Dissonance perceptible.

(2) In the Second Figure, after the same reason, we cannot ascend from the Term 480 to 324, by Degrees; unlesse wee so expresse the midle Terme, as that, if it respect 480, it may seem 384; if it respect 324, it may be 405, that so, with both, it may make a Ditone. But because betwixt 384 and 405, the difference is so great, that no voyce can be so tempered of them, as that if it hold a Consonance with one of the extreams, but it will appeare exceedingly Dissonant from the other: therefore is another way to bee sought, by which (the most of all others) this so great an incommodity may be, if not totally removed, yet at least greatly diminished. Now this can be no other way, but what is found and described in the Superiour Figure, viz. by the use of a Schism: by this means, if wee would goe through the Terme 405. Wee will remove the Terme G, by one Schism, that it may be 486, no more 480: and if wee would goe through 384, we will change the Terme D, and 320 shall be in the place of 324, and so shall be distant, by a Third minor, from 384.

From these considerations it is evident, that all the spaces, through which one voyce solitary may bee moved, are contained in the First Figure: for, when the incommodity of the Second Figure is corrected, then doth it not differ from the First; as is easily deprehended.

Evident it is also, that that Order of Tones, which practicall Musicians call the Hand, doth contain all the Modes, by which Degrees may be ordained; for, that they are comprehended in the two præcedent Figures, is formerly proved: and that Hand of Practicall Musicians doth contain all the Termes of each Precedent Figure, as is easily discerned in the following Figure, in which we have turned that Hand, into a Circle, that so it might the better be referred to the Superiour Figures. Yet, to the understanding of this Figure, we are to signifie, that it begins from the Term F, where, for that cause, we have applyed the greatest number, that thence it might be collected that that Term is of all the most Grave.

That it ought to be so, is inferred from hence; that wee can begin Divisions from onely two places of the whole Eighth: so that therein either two Tones may be set in the first place, and, after one Semitone, three Tones consequent in the last place; or, on the contrary, three Tones in the first place, and only two in the last. And the Term F representeth both those two places together. For, if from thence we go by b, only two Tones, are in the first place: but if by ♮, there will bee three: Therefore.

First, then it is manifest from this Figure, & the second precedent, that onely Five Spaces are contained in a whole Eighth, by which the voyce can naturally proceed, i. e. without any Fraction, or moveable Terme, which was to bee found out by Art, that it might proceed further. Whence it came, that those five intervalls should be attributed to a Naturall Voyce, and six only Voyces were found out to expresse them; viz. ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la.

Secondly, that from ut to re, is alwayes a Tone minor; from re to mi, alwayes a Tone major; from mi to fa, alwayes a Semitone majus; from fa to sol, alwayes a Tone major; and lastly from sol to la, a Tone minor.

Thirdly, that there can be only two Kinds of an Artificiall Voyce, viz. b and ♮: because the space betwixt A and C, which is not divided in the Naturall voyce, can only bee divided by two Modes; so as that a Semitone be set in the first place, or the second.

Fourthly, for what reason these Notes, ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la, are againe repeated in those Artificiall Voyces: for Example, for, when wee ascend from A to b, insomuch as there are not other Notes, but mi and fa, to signifie a Semitone majus; it thence follows, that in A, mi is to be set; and in b, fa; and so in other places in order. Nor can you say, it had been more convenient to have invented other Notes; for they would have been superfluous, since they must have designed the same intervalls, which are designed by those Notes in a Naturall voyce; besides they would have been incommodious, because so great a multitude of Notes must have exceedingly troubled Musicians, as well in setting, as singing of Tunes.

And lastly, how changes may bee made from one voyce to another, viz. by Terms common to two voyces: as also, that these voyces are mutually distant by a Fifth; and that the voyce b Flat, is of all the most Grave, because it begins from the Term F, which we have formerly proved to be the first; and therefore it is called b Flat or Soft, in respect that by how much any Tone is the more Grave, by so much is it the more soft and remisse. For to the emission thereof is required the lesse spirit, or breath, as wee have more then once intimated. And a Naturall voyce is and ought to be a mean, nor could it rightly be called Naturall, if the voyce were to be elevated, or depressed beyond Mediocrity, in the expression thereof. Finally, the voyce ♮, is called a Quadrate, or Sharp, because it is the most Acute, and the opposite to b Soft or Flat; as also, because it divides an Eighth into a Tritone and a Fifth false, and is therefore lesse sweet than b Soft.

Some perhaps will object, that this Hand is not sufficient to comprehend all the Changes of Degrees; for, as in it is shown, how freely we may deflect from a Naturall voyce, either to b Soft, or to ♮; so also ought other collaterall Orders to bee designed therein, such as are set in the Sequent Figure; that so it might have beene free for us also to deflect from b Soft, to the Naturall voyce, or to the other part; and so from ♮. Which is confirmed from hence, that Musicians in Practice frequently use such intervals, which they explicate either by Diesis, or by b Soft, which they therefore remove from its proper Seat.

To this we return, that by this means might be made a progresse, usque ad infinitum: but, in that Hand, ought to bee expressed the Changes of only one Tune; and that those are contained within three Orders, is demonstrated from hence, that in every Order only six Terms are contained, of which two are changed, when a change is made to the following Order, and so there remain therein only Four Termes of those, which were in the former; but if a Transition bee againe made to a Third Order, then will two Degrees of the four precedent ones bee changed, and so there will remain onely two of those which were in the former Order, which would lastly be taken away in the fourth Order, if the progresse should be continued unto it, as is visible in the Figure: whence it is most evident that the Tune would not be the same it was in the beginning, since therein would remaine no Term unchanged. And what is added concerning the use of Dieses; I say, that they doe not constitute whole Orders, as b Soft, or ♮, but consist only in one Terme, which they elevate (as I conceive) by one Semitone minus, all the other Terms of the Tune remaining unchanged; now the manner how, and the reason why this is done, I doe not at present so well remember, as to be able sufficiently to explain; nor why, when only one Note is elevated above la, a b Soft is usually affixed unto it: which I think may easily be deduced from Practice, if the Numbers of those Degrees, in which they are used, and of voyces, which with them make Consonances, bee subducted; and the matter I judge well worthy a serious Meditation.

Finally, here it may be objected, that six voyces. ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la, are superfluous, and only Four may suffice; since there are only three divers intervalls: by which way that any Musicall Tune can be sung, I deny not. But because there is great difference betwixt the Terms Grave and Acute; and a Grave Term, as is formerly noted, is much the chiefest: therefore is it better and more commodious to use divers Notes, than the same towards an Acute part, and towards a Grave part.

This place requires us to explain the Practice of these Degrees, how Musicall parts are constituted of them, and by what reason ordinary Musick composed by practicall hands may be accommodated to what of the Theory hath been premised; that so all Consonances and other its intervalls may bee exactly calculated. In order to our effecting of this, wee are to know, that Practitioners describe Musick betweene five lines, to which others also are added, if the Tones of the Tune bee further extended; and that these Lines are distant each from other, two Degrees, and therefore that betwixt two of them, one other is alwayes to bee understood, which is omitted for brevity & commodity sake. Again, since all the Lines are equally distant each from other, but signifie unequall spaces: therefore are Two Markes invented, b and ♮, one whereof is set in that chord, which represents the Term B fa, ♮ mi. Further, because one Tune doth frequently consist of many parts, which parts are seperately described; it is not yet known, from those Marks, b and ♮, which of these many parts is superior, and which inferior: and therefore are there three other Marks found out. 𝄢, 𝄡, 𝄞, the order whereof we have formerly observed. Now that all these things may be the more manifest, wee have here placed this following Figure, in which wee have expressed all the Chords, and removed them each from other more or lesse, according to the greater or lesser spaces which they denote; that so the proportion of Consonances might be presented together to the eye. Besides, wee have made this Figure double, that the Difference betwixt b and ♮, might be visible; nor can those Tunes, which are to be sung by one, be described by the other, unlesse all the Tones of these be removed by a Fourth or Fifth, from their proper Seat, so that where stands the Term F ut fa, there is to be set C sol ut fa.

Further than this we are not to goe, for these ought to be the Terms, since they divide three Eights, within which all Consonances are included, to which the Practice of Musicians doth accord, for they hardly ever exceed this space.

Now the use of these Numbers is, to teach what proportion all the Notes hold among themselves, such as are contained in all the parts of one Tune: for the sounds of these Notes hold the same proportion one to another, as the numbers apposed on the same Chords. So as if the string be divided into 540 equall parts, and the sound thereof represent the most Grave Term F: 480 parts of the same string will yield the sound of the Term G; and so consequently.

And here we have ordered 4 degrees of Parts, that it might appear, how much they ought to bee distant each from other; not that the Cliffs 𝄢, 𝄡, and 𝄞 are not often set in other places, which is done according to the variety of Degrees, which are run over from each part: but because this Mode seemes to bee the most Naturall, and is the most frequent.

Again, here have we set Numbers only in the Naturall Chords, and so long as they are not removed from their proper seat; but if Dieses be found in some notes, or b, or ♮, which may remove them from their proper seats: then are those to be explicated by other Numbers, whose quantity is to be desumed from other Notes of other Parts, with which these kinds of Dieses make a Consonance.

All other Intervalls, except those of which wee have now spoken, are called Dissonances; but we will treat of those only, which are necessarily found in the newly explicated order of Tones, so as they cannot but be made use of and applyed.

Of these there are three kinds: (1) some are generated from Degrees only, and an Eighth: (2) Others from the difference which is betwixt a Tone major and minor, which we have denominated a Schism: and (3) others from the Difference, which is between a Tone major, and a Semitone majus.

In the First Genus, are contained Sevenths and Ninths, or Sixteenths, which are only Ninths compounded, as Ninths are nothing else but Degrees compounded of an Eighth, and Sevenths nothing but the residue of an Eighth, from which one Degree is detracted; whence it is manifest, that there are three divers Ninths, and three Sevenths, because there are three kinds of Degrees; and all these consist betwixt these Numbers:

Among Ninths, two are majors, which arise from two Tones, the First from a major, the Second from a minor, for the distinction of which we have noted one Ninth maxim: on the contrary there are two Sevenths minors, for the same reason, and therefore we have called one Seventh minim.

Now, that these Dissonances cannot be avoyded in sounds successively emitted, among divers parts is most clear: yet haply any one may enquire, why they ought not to be admitted in a voyce successive of the same part equally with Degrees, since it is evident that some of them are explicated in lesser Numbers than the Degrees themselves, and therefore may seem to bee more gratefull to the Hearing than Degrees. The solution of which Doubt doth depend on this, which we have before observed, that a voice doth require so much the more intension of the spirit or breath, by how much the more Acute it is, and therefore Degrees were invented, that they might be Meanes, betwixt the Termes of Consonances, and that by them wee might the more easily ascend from the Grave Terme of any Consonance to the Acute of the same, or vice versa, descend from the Acute to the Grave Term: which cannot be performed by Sevenths or Ninths, as is evident from hence, that the Termes of these are more distant each from other, than the Termes of Consonances are, and therefore they would be emitted with a greater inequality of Contention.

In the Second Genus of Dissonances do consist a Third minor, and a Fifth Deficient by one Schisme; as also a Fourth, and a Sixth major encreased by one Schisme. For since (necessarily) there is one moveable Terme by the intervall of a Schisme, in the whole Series of Degrees; it cannot be avoyded, but that, from thence, such Dissonances in relation, i. e. in voce successivè emissa a diversis vocibus, will bee generated: And that more then these now named cannot arise from thence, may bee proved by induction. These consist in these Numbers: Or thus,

But so great are these Numbers, that such intervalls cannot be tollerated of themselves; but, as we have formerly noted, because the intervall of a Schisme is so small, as it can hardly bee discerned by the ears, therefore doe they borrow sweetnesse of those Consonances, to which they are nearest. Nor doe the Terms of Consonances so consist in indivisibili, as that if one of them be a little changed, all the sweetnesse of the Consonance must instantly be lost: and this can only be the reason, why Dissonances of this Second Genus may be, in a voice successive of the same part, admitted in place of Consonances, from which they are divided.

In the Third Genus are contained, a Tritone, and a Fifth false; for in this, a Semitone majus is accounted for a Tone major; but in a Tritone, the Contrary: and they are explicated by these numbers: Or thus:

Which Numbers are also too great to explicate any intervall which may not be ingrate to the ears; nor have they any Consonances very near, from which they may borrow sweetnesse, as the Præcedent ones have. Hence comes it, that these last Dissonances ought to be avoided in relation; at least, when slow and soft Musick is made, and not diminute; for in very diminute Musick and such as is sung swiftly, the hearing is too much imployed to take notice of the defects of such Dissonances: which defect is much more evident from hence, that they are near to a Fifth, with which the Hearing therefore compares them, and, from the precipuous sweetnesse of this, doth the more clearly discern the imperfection of those.

Here we shall end our explication of all the Affections of a Sound; having first only taken notice, in order to the probation of what we formerly said, that all the Variety of sounds, as to Grave and Acute, doth arise in Musick onely from these Numbers 2, 3, and 5. we say that all numbers, by which aswell Degrees, as Dissonances are explicated, are composed of those three, and by them, division being made, may at length bee resolved even to an unity.

From the Premises it followes, that we may, without any great errour or solœcism, compose Musick, if we observe these 3 axioms.

1. That all sounds which are emitted together, may be distant each from other, in any Consonance, except a Fourth, which lowest ought not to be heard, i.e. against a Basse.

2. That the same voice be moved successively, only by Degrees, or Consonances.

3. Lastly, That we admit not a Tritone, or Fifth false, no not so much as in relation.

But, for the greater Elegancy and Concinnity, we are to note these following Rules.

1. That wee begin from some one of the most perfect Consonances; for, so is raised a greater attention, than if some jejune and frigid Consonance led up the Van: or else, most gratefully, from a pause or silence of one voyce; for when, immediately upon the silence of one voyce, which began the Tune, another unexpected one First invades the ears, the novelty thereof doth by a kind of potent charm, conjure us to attention. Now, concerning a Pause we have been hitherto silent, because of it self a Pause is nothing, but onely induceth a certain novity and variety, while the voyce, which was silent, doth againe begin to sing.

2. That two Eights, or two Fifths never immediately succeed each other. The reason why that is prohibited more expresly in these Consonances than in others, is because these are the most perfect, and therefore when one of them is heard, then is the Hearing therewith fully satisfied, and unlesse the attention bee presently removed from that to another Consonance, it is wholly occupied by the pleasantnesse thereof, so that it can little regard the variety, and the (in some sort) frigid Symphony of the Tune; which happens not in Thirds and other Consonances, no though they be reiterated, for in all others the attention is still kept up, and a desire encreased of expecting a more perfect Consonance.

3. That so much as possible, the parts goe on in contrary motions, in order to the greater variety: for then both the motion of every voice is distinguished from the adverse voice, and Consonances are distinguished from other Consonances near them. Also that all the voyces be moved oftner by Degrees, than by leaps.

4 That, when we would advance from any lesse perfect to a more perfect Consonance, wee alwayes deflect to one that is near, rather than to one that is remote; for example, from a Sixth major to an Eighth, from a Sixth minor to a Fifth, &c. understanding the same also of an Unison and the most perfect Consonances. Now, the reason why this method is to bee observed in progression from imperfect to perfect Consonances, rather than e contra, from perfect to imperfect; is, because, when we heare an imperfect Consonance, the eares are induced to expect a more perfect one, wherein they may receive more satisfaction, and to this expectation are they carryed by a certain naturall violence: and therefore ought a more vicine, than a remote Consonance rather to be set, that being what the Hearing desires. But, on the contrary, when a perfect Consonance is heard, we expect no imperfect one. Yet this Rule is subject to frequent variation, nor can we now call to mind, from what to what Consonances in particular, and by what motions wee ought to pervene: all these depend on experience, and the practice of Musicians; which being known, we conceive it no difficulty to deduce the reasons and proportions of all from this our Theory of Musick: and I have formerly deduced many of them, but my peregrinations have worn them out of both my Papers and Memory.

5. That, in the end or close of each Tune, the eares be so fully satisfied, as they expect no more, but perceive the Tune to be perfect: which is most conveniently effected by some Orders of Tones alwayes ending in a most perfect Consonance, which Orders Musicians call Cadences, all the Species of which Cadences have been copiously enumerated by Zarlinus. Who hath Generall Tables or Schems also, wherein are described what Consonances in particular ought to succeed each other through a whole Tune; of all which hee hath given some reasons, but we believe that more and more plausible ones, may be deduced from our Fundaments.

6. And lastly, that the whole Tune together, and every voyce seperately be included within certain limits, which are called Modes, of which anon.

All these Rules are to bee exactly observed in the Counter-poynt of only two, or more voices; but not in a Diminute, nor any way varied: for in Tunes very Diminute, and (as they call them) Figurate, many of them are remitted. Which that we briefly explicate, wee are concerned first to treat of the foure Parts, or Voices used in Tunes; for though in some are found more, in some fewer Symphonies: yet that seems to bee the most perfect and most usuall Symphony, which is composed of four Voices.

The First and most Grave of all these Voices, is that which Musicians call Bassus. This is the chiefe, and ought principally to fill the ears, because all other Voices carry the chiefest respect to the Basse, the reason whereof we have formerly declared. Now, this Voice is wont to move on not onely by Degrees, but also per Saltus; the reason is, because they were invented to ease that trouble, which would arise from the inequality of the Terms of one Consonance, if one should immediatly bee expressed upon the neck of another; since the more Acute doth strike the eare much more forcibly than the Grave. For this trouble is lesse in a Basse, than in other parts; in respect that it is the most Grave, and therefore requires lesse strength of the spirit or breath to its effusion, than any other. Besides, since all other Voices hold a respect to the Basse, as the principall; it ought to strike the ears more sensibly, that it may bee heard more distinctly: which is effected, when it moves on per Saltus, i. e. by the Terms of lesser Consonances immediately, rather than when it moves on by Degrees.

The Second, being the next to the Basse, they call Tenor; this being also, in its kind, the chiefest, because it containes the Subject of the whole Modulation, and is comparatively the Nerve, which extended through the body of the Tune, doth sustain and conjoyn all the rest of its Members. And therefore it is wont, so much as possible, to move on by Degrees; that so its parts may be the more united, and the Notes of it may be the more easily distinguished from the Notes of other Voices.

To the Tenor is opposed the Contra-tenor; nor is it used in Musick for any other reason but because, by progressing to contrary motions it may occasion Variety, and so Delight. It is wont, as the Basse to move on by leaps; but not for the same reasons: for this is done only for convenience and variety; for it consists betweene two voices, which move on by Degrees. Practisers so compose their Tunes sometimes, that they descend below a Tenor; but this is of small moment, nor doth it seem at any time to adfer any novity, unlesse in imitation, consequence, and the like artificiall counter-poynts.

Superius is the most Acute voice, and is opposed to Bassus, so that by contrary motions they frequently occur each to other. This voice ought chiefly to incede by Degrees; because, since it is most Acute, the difference of Terms in this would cause greater trouble and difficulty, if those Terms, which it would successively emit, were at too great distance each from other. And it is wont to be moved the swiftest of all others in Diminute Musick: as the Counter-Basse most slowly: the reasons whereof are deduceable from our precedent discourse; for a more remisse sound strikes the Ears more slowly, and therefore the Hearing cannot endure so swift a mutation therein, in respect it would not have leasure to hear all the single Tones distinctly.

These things thus explained, we are not to omit, that in these Tunes Dissonances are frequently used instead of Consonances; which is effected two wayes, viz. by Diminution, or Syncope.

1. Diminution is when against one Note of one part, are set 2. or 4. or more in another; in which this order ought to be kept, that the First make a Consonance with a Note of another part, but the Second, if it be only one Degree distant from the former, may make a Dissonance, and also be, by a Tritone, or Fifth fals, distant from another part, because then it seems there set only by accident: and as a way, by which wee may come from a First Note to a Third, with which that First Note ought to make a Consonance, as also doth the Note of the opposite part. But, if that Second Note incede per Saltus, i. e. bee distant by the intervall of one Consonance from the First; then ought it to make a Consonance also with the opposite part: for the former reason ceaseth. But then a Third Note may make a Dissonance if it be moved by Degrees; of which let this be an Example.

A Syncopa is, when the end of one Note in one voice is heard at the same time with the beginning of one other Note of an adverss part; as may bee seene in the Example set, where the last time of the Note B, is dissonant with the beginning of the Note C, which is therefore brought in, because there is yet remaining in the eares the reeordation of the Note A, with which it made a Consonance; and so B bears it selfe to C, only as a Relative voyce, in which the Dissonances are carryed through: yea, the Variety of these doth cause, that the Consonances, among which they are set, are heard more distinctly, and also excite the more constant attention. For, when the Dissonance B C is heard, the expectation of the eare is encreased, and the judgement of the sweetnesse of the Symphony somewhat suspended, untill the Tune shall arrive at the Note D, in which it more satisfies the Hearing; and yet more perfectly in the Note E, with which, after the end of the Note D, hath kept up the attention, the Note F, instantly supervenient doth make an exquisite Consonance, for it is an Eighth. And, indeed, therefore are these Consonances used in Cadences; because what hath been the longer expected, doth the more please when it comes: and therefore the sound, after a Dissonance heard, doth better acquiesce in a most perfect Consonance, or Unison. But heere Degrees are to be set betwixt Dissonances: for whatever is not a Consonance, ought to be accounted a Dissonance.

Moreover, wee are to observe, that the Hearing is more satisfied in the end by an Eighth, than by a Fifth, and best of all by an Unison; not because a Fifth is not gratefull to the eare, as to the reason of Consonance: but because in the end we are to regard Quiet, which is found greater in those sounds, betwixt which is lesse difference, or none at all, as in an Unison. Now this Quiet, or Cadence is delectable not only in the end: but also in the midle the avoidance of this Cadence introduceth no small delight; namely, when one part seems willing to quiesce, and another proceeds on. And this is a kinde of Figure in Musick, such as are Rhetoricall Figures in Oration, of which sort are Consequence, Imitation, &c. which are effected, when either two parts successively, i. e. at divers times, sing wholly the same, or a quite Contrary, which at last they are wont to doe. And truely this, in certain parts of a Tune, doth sometimes much advantage Musick; but as for those artificiall Counter-poynts, as they call them; in such Composures where that Artifice is observed perpetually from the beginning to the end: we conceive, they may belong not more to Musick, than Acrosticks, or retrograde Verses to Poesie, which was invented to charm the mind into respective passions, as well as Musick.

Frequent it is among Practitioners to treat of these Modes, and what they are, all well know; therefore would it be superfluous here to insist thereon: wee shall observe only, that they have their originall from hence, that an Eighth is not divided into equall Degrees, for one while a Tone, another while a Semitone is found therein: and besides, from a Fifth, because that of all others is most acceptable to the eare, and every Tune seemes to bee composed for the sake of this alone: for an Eighth can be divided into Degrees, onely seven different wayes, every one of which may bee againe divided by a Fifth two wayes, except Two; in one of which is found a Fifth false in place of a Fifth, whence there ariseth onely twelve Modes, of which foure are lesse elegant, for this cause, that a Tritone is found in their Fifths, so as they cannot, from a Fifth principall, and for whose sake the whole Tune seems composed, ascend or descend by Degrees, but of necessity there must occur a false Relation of a Tritone, or a Fifth false.

In every Mode, are three principall Termes, from which all Tunes ought to bee begun, and most chiefly concluded, as all Musicians know: and they are called Modes as well from hence, that they restrain the Tune, least the parts of it ramble beyond mediocrity to excesse; as from hence chiefly, because they are apt to containe various Tunes, which may diversly affect the minde according to the variety of Modes; of which many things have been sayd by Practisers, taught onely by experience, the reasons of all which may be deduced from our precedent discourse: for, certaine it is, that in some many Ditones, or Thirds minors, and in places more or lesse principall, are found, from which almost all the variety of Musick doth arise, as hath beene formerly proved. Again, as much may be sayd of Degrees themselves; for a Tone major is the First, and comes nearest to Consonances, and is per se generated from the Division of a Ditone; but all others per Accidens, from which and the like, many things concerning the nature of Moods might bee deduced, if a Compendium would permit. And heere it should follow, that wee should discourse of all the motions of the minde, which may bee excited by Musick, and in a singular Treatise shew, by what Degrees, Consonances, Times, &c. those motions ought to bee excited: but I should bee unconstant to my purpose of writing an Epitome.

I now discover Land, hasten a shoare, and omit many things for brevity, many by oblivion, but more by ignorance. However, I suffer this issue of my braine, so inform, and lately brought forth rude as a Bears Cub, to venture abroad into your presence: that it may remain as a Monument of our Familiarity, and a most certain memoriall of my love of you: yet, if you please, upon this condition, that, being confined to the secresie of your Closet, it bee not exposed to the Judicature of others, who may not (as I trust you will) avert their benevolous eyes from the maimed, and defective parts of this Exercise, upon those others, in which I deny not but I have expressed some Lineaments of my Ingenie to the life; nor would they know that this Compendium was composed for your sake alone, by one who could not obtain Privacy in an Army, nor leasure in a Throng of other Cares and Affairs.